Melasma

What is Melasma?

Melasma is a common skin condition characterised by dark, discolored patches on the skin, typically appearing on the face. It includes different types such as dermal melasma, epidermal melasma, and mixed melasma. These patches are usually brown or gray-brown and often form on the cheeks, forehead, nose, and upper lip. Melasma appears as patchy shades of brown pigmentation on sun-exposed areas of the face. Melasma can affect anyone but is more common in women, particularly those with darker skin tones and those who have been exposed to significant sun exposure or hormonal changes.

Causes of Melasma in Darker Skin Tones

• Sun Exposure: Ultraviolet (UV) light from the sun stimulates melanocytes, the cells responsible for pigment production, leading to melasma.

• Hormonal Changes: Pregnancy, birth control pills, and hormone replacement therapy can trigger melasma due to fluctuating hormone levels. Hormonal changes, such as those occurring during pregnancy or while taking birth control pills, can cause individuals to develop melasma.

• Genetics: A family history of melasma increases the likelihood of developing the condition. Women and individuals with light brown skin to darker skin tones are more susceptible to developing melasma.

• Skin Irritation: Certain skincare products or procedures that irritate the skin can worsen melasma.

Symptoms of Melasma

• Discolored Patches: Brown or gray-brown patches on the face, particularly on the cheeks, forehead, nose, and upper lip.

• Symmetry: The patches often appear symmetrically on both sides of the face.

• No Physical Discomfort: Melasma typically does not cause pain or itching, but the appearance can cause emotional distress.

Diagnosis of Melasma

A doctor can diagnose melasma through a visual examination. In some cases, a Wood’s lamp examination (a type of black light) or a skin biopsy may be used to rule out other skin conditions.

Treatment Options for Melasma

Topical Treatments

• Hydroquinone: A common first-line treatment that lightens the skin.

• Tretinoin and Corticosteroids: Often combined with hydroquinone to enhance skin lightening.

• Other Topical Agents: Such as azelaic acid, kojic acid, and tranexamic acid, which can help lighten melasma patches.

Procedures: Chemical Peels

• Chemical Peels: Use of chemical solutions to exfoliate the skin and reduce pigmentation.

• Microdermabrasion: A minimally invasive procedure that gently exfoliates the skin to improve texture and tone.

• Laser and Light Therapies: Target pigmentation and stimulate collagen production for more even skin tone.

• Microneedling: Creates micro-injuries in the skin to stimulate healing and reduce pigmentation.

Lifestyle and Home Remedies: Sun Protection

• Sun Protection: Regular use of broad-spectrum sunscreen with SPF 30 or higher is crucial to prevent melasma from worsening. Visible light, along with the sun’s rays and heat, can cause or worsen melasma.

• Protective Clothing: Wearing hats and clothing that cover the skin can help shield from UV exposure.

• Avoiding Irritants: Using gentle skincare products to avoid aggravating the skin.

Managing Melasma on the Upper Lip

While melasma can be stubborn and recurrent, a combination of treatments and lifestyle adjustments can help manage the condition. Regular follow-ups with a doctor are essential to monitor progress and adjust treatments as needed.

It is important to note that melasma is not a form of skin cancer. Consulting a doctor is crucial for accurate diagnosis and treatment, as melasma may sometimes resemble other skin conditions, including skin cancer.